Railway-signal



(No Model.)

5 Sheets-Sheet 1. W. G. ROOME.

RAILWAY SIGNAL. Patented Apr. 21, 1896.,

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' AN DREW B GRAHAMPHOTO-UYHQWASHINGTONJ c W. G. R'OOME I RAILWAY SIGNAL.

5 SheetsSh e et 2.

(No Model.)

No. 558,565 Patented Apr. 21-, 1896.

ANDREW EGRANAM. PNOTOLITHO WASMINGTONYD C 3 t 8 6 h s m 8 e h S 5 B M O0 R G (N0 Model.)

RAILWAY SIGNAL.

Patented Apr. 21,1896.

ANDREW RGRAHAM PW'TD mno WASNWG'WILQC (No Model.) 5 Sheets-Sheet 4.

W. G. ROOME. RAILWAY SIGNAL.

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ANDREW a GRAH'AM. PHOTG-UTMQWASHINGTQNJ C (No Model.) SSheets-Sheet 5.

-- W. G. ROOME.

RAILWAY SIGNAL.

Patented Apr. 21, 1896.

ANDREW BnRAnAM. mom'umawAsm "GT0". 0 I:

NITED STATES PATENT ()FFICE.

VILLIAM G. ROOME, OF JERSEY CITY, NEYV JERSEY.

RAI LWAY-SIG NAL.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 558,565, dated April21, 1896.

Application filed November 17. 1893. Serial No. 1=91,255. (N0 model.)

To all whom it may concern.-

Be it known that I, XVILLIAM G. RooME, of Jersey City, in the county ofHudson and State of New Jersey, have invented a certain new and usefulImprovement in Railway- Signals, of which the following is aspecification.

I will describe my improvement in detail, and then point out the novelfeatures in the claims.

In the accompanying drawings, Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of aportion of a rail- .way and appurtenances embodying my improvement. Fig.2 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a modification of the maincircuit. Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a modification ofthe circuits. Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a modificationof the circuits. Fig. 5 isa diagrammatic view of a single-track railwayhaving two systems of signaling devices for protecting in differentdirections. Fig. 6 is a diagrammatic representation of two tracks uponwhich trains are intended to run in the same direction, and they areshown as combined with appurtenances embodying my improve ment. Thesetwo tracks are intended to form part of a four-track railroad. Fig. 7 isa diagrammatic view illustrating the application of my improvement torailroad-tracks crossing each other.

Similar letters of reference designate corresponding parts in all thefigures.

Referring first to Fig. 1, A designates a railway-track of ordinary orany suitable construction. It may be regarded as one of the tracks of adouble-tracked railroad. B designates an arbitrary representation of adynamo-electric machine. The machine I use may be of any desired type.This dynamo is intended to supply current for certain signaling devicesemployed in a block system. The track A comprises a number of sections aa (L The section a may be regarded as a section extending from a depotorstation. The rails comprised in each trackscction are intended to bemade continuous electrically. This may be done by means of fish-plates,chairs, or other devices made of metal and electrically connecting theends of abutting rail-sections. A simple way of connecting adjacentrail-sections comprised in the track-section is to fasten the ends of awire between each pair of adjacent rail-sections. The rails comprised ineach track-section are in this example of my inventionelectricallyindependent of those comprised in any other track-section. Theirelectrical independence may be secured by employing chairs orfish-plates of insulating material, such as wood, between the railscomprising one track-section and those comprised in each adjacenttrack-section.-

In my improvement I use what may be regarded as a main circuitcomprising all the signals and also protecting devices if such be used,and I also use a track circuit or circuits. In each track-circuit therails of one of the track-sections is comprised.

I will first describe the main circuit and its I appurtenances.

C designates a wire leading from one pole or electrode of thedynamo-electric machine B to the ground. As here shown it is representedas connecting with a ground-plate G. O designates another wire extendingfrom the other pole or electrode of the machine. This wire extends to apoint where the main circuit branches, one branch 0 extending to oneterminal or contact-point of a resistance device E and the other branch0 extending to one end of the coil of an electromagnet s belonging to adanger-signal S. The electromagnet s will preferably be of the solenoidtype or one capable of producing a long range of movement. The signal Sis represented as consisting of a lever fnlcrumed between its ends on apin 25. One end is provided with a signal-board or other signalcontrivance and the other is connected to. the armature of the magnet.The magnet represented being of the solenoid type; its armature isconsequently made in the form of amovable core. Aweight a is combinedwith the magnet-armature and signal-lever for moving the latter in theopposite direction to that in which it will be moved by the magnet. Itis intended that the magnet shall normally influence the signal andhenceset it and maintain it at the position indicative of safety, andthat whenever the magnet is deenergized the weight shall set'the signalto the position indicative of danger. When the signal-lever is tiltedout of horizontal position, it indicates safety, and to indicate dangerit is adjusted to a horizontal position. From the other end of the coilof the electromagnet s a wire C extends to a circuit-changer II, hereshown as consisting of a lever fulcrumed at one end to a pin 7L andhaving at the other end a contact-piece which is adapted to coact withthe contact-piece i, a magnet I being employed for maintaining the leverII in contact with the contact-piece e" and a spring J being employed toadjust the lever I-I, so as to withdraw it from the contactpiece 2"whenever the magnet I is deenergized.

It may be remarked in passing that the magnet I is not in the maincircuit, but in a track-circuit. From the contact-piece i a wire (3extends to one end of the coil of an electromagnet s belonging to asignal S The signal S and the electromagnet 3 may be exactly like thecorrespondingparts of the signal S already described and similarlycombined with a weight. The other end of the coil of the electromagnet sis connected to a wire G which is united with a wire C extending fromthe resistance device E. From the wire C 0 a wire 0 extends. Beforeproceeding further I may remark that the signal S is intended to be acautionary signal and the signal S a danger-signal. Owing to this it isdesirable that the signal boards or devices of these two signals shouldbe distinctive either in shape or color or both. I have indicated adifference in shape and would add that ordinarily to conform to existingpractices the signal board or device of the cautionary signal S would begreen and that of the danger-signal S red. The signal S would be locatedadjacent to the first section a of the track A at a considerabledistance from the second section a of said track. The signal S willpreferably be located at about the junction of the two sections a (0 Inorder that the function of the circuit changer H may be readilyunderstood, 1 will remark here that the magnet I has the two ends of itscoil connected by wires with the rails comprised in the track-section(L2. The details of this local or track circuit, which comprises therails of the track-section 0. and the coil of the magnet I, and themanner of supplying the same with current I will presently explain.Obviously while there is no train, car, or locomotive upon the track-seetion a the magnet I will be energized and the circuit-changer II will becaused to impinge upon the contactpiece i, thus continuin g thesignal-circuit. As the electromagnets 8 s of the signals S S will beenergized, these signals will be maintained at the positions indicativeof safety. This will be the normal condition of the signals, andreference to the drawings will show that is the condition in which theyare illustrated, there being no train, car, or locomotive represented aslocated upon the track-section a I may add as a further explanation ofthe conditions in which the track-sections a a? and their appurtenancesare illustrated that the engineer of a train passing over thetracksection a will be informed first by the cantionary signal S longbefore his train reaches the second track-section a and later by thedanger-signal S at the time his train arrives at the secondtrack-section a that there is no train upon the second track-section (tand consequently that he may proceed in safety. The resistance device Ein that branch of the main circuit comprising the wires 0 C is employedto make this circuit branch approximately correspond in resistance withthe other branch of the main circuit consisting of the wires C, C C, and(J and comprising the coils of the magnets s a belonging to the signalsS S and the circuit-changer II. From the wire 0" a wire 0 extends to oneof the coils of a transformer K. This transformer may be of any suitableconstruction comprising low and high potential coils. It may be remarkedhere that if a direct-current dynamo be used a dynamotor ordirect-cnrrent transformer (sometimes called a motor-dynamo would bepreferable. In other cases the ordinary circuit alternating-currenttransformer would suffice. 'As it is employed to furnish current of lowpotential to the track-circuit comprising the rails of the track-sectiona, the wire 0 is connected with one extremity of the high-potential coilof the transformer, and wires are extended from the extremities of thelow-potential coil of the transformer to the ends of the rails comprisedin the tracksection (t From the other extremity of the high-potentialcoil of the transformer a Wire C extends. From the wire 0, at a pointwhence the wire C extends from it, a wire 0 extends to one end of thecoil of an electromagnet belonging to a signal S This is a cautionarysignal intended to indicate to the engineer of a train, car, orlocomotive passing along the second track-section a whether any train,car, or locomotive is located upon the third track-section a This signalmay be like the signal S, fulcrumed in the same manner to a pin i andcombined with an electromagnet s and weight a like the correspondingappurtenances of the signal S. From the other end of the coil of theelectromagnet s of the signal S a wire 0 extends to a circuitchanger I 1This circuit-changer consists of a lever corresponding with that formingthe circuit-changer II, is similarly fulcrumed at one end to a pin 71/2,and is adapted at the other end to coact with a contact-piece 21 Thislever is combined with a spring J and an electromagnet 1 The magnet Ihas its coils connected with the rails comprised in the track-sectiona".

From the contact-piece a wire 0 extends to one end of the coil of anelectromagnet s belonging to a signal S. From the other end of the coilof the magnet s a wire 0 extends. The wire 0 joins the wire C and fromthese two wires the main circuit is continued by wire C The signal S* isintended to be a danger-signal like the dangensignal S and IIO capableof indicating 'to the engineer of a train, car, or locomotive reachingthe end of the second track-section a whether any train, car, orlocomotive is located upon the third track-section a This signal S isfulcrumed to a pin 25 and combined with a weight it". Normally themagnet I will hold the circuitchanger lever H against the contact-piece2' but whenever a train, car, or locomotive is located upon thetrack-section a it will form a short circuit between the parallel railsof this track-section and so deenergize the magnet I whereupon thespring J 2 will move the circuit II away from the contact-piece i anddeenergize the magnet s of the cautionary signal S and the magnet s ofthe dangersignal S. This is the condition of things illustrated inconnection with the third track-section a and the signals appertainingthereto, I being an arbitrary representation of a train, car, orlocomotive. The engineer of a train, car, or locomotive passing whilethis condition of things exists along the second tracksection a will beinformed by the cautionary signal S that a train, car, or locomotive islocated upon the third track-section a and will thus receive suchinformation before arriving at the beginning of the third tracksection awhen it will be seen that he will again receive this information fromthe danger-signal S when he arrives at the beginning of the thirdtrack-section a Obviously the electrical resistance of that branch ofthe main circuit consisting of the wires 0 and 0 including the high-potential coil of the transformer K, should be made by properlyproportioning the transformer or by any other means to approximatelycorrespond with the other branch of the main circuit consisting of thewires 0 G O C and including the coils of the magnets s s and thecircuit-changer H The main-circuit wire C extends to one extremity ofthe high-potential coil of the transformer K From the other end of thiscoil a wire 0 extends. The extremities of the low-potential coil of thetransformer K are connected with the parallel rails of the traok-seciona near their forward extremities and thus a current of low potential isfurnished to the track-circuit comprising the rails of thistrack-section a together with the coil of the electromagnet 1 The wire 0will extend to the appurtenances of another track-section in advance ofthe track-section a At the end of the system connection will be madewith the ground. To illustrate this I have shown the wire 0 extending toa ground-plate G It will be seen that in this example of my improvementthere is a main circuit comprising the mag nets of all the signals andfurnishing them with electricity from a common source, also that thereare a number of track-circuits which are practically independent of themain circuit and are supplied with electricity of low potential, so asto render it practicable to utilize the rails of the severaltrack-sections. These track-sectionscontrol the signals.

In Fig. 2, A designates a track comprising sections a" a B designates adynamo having one pole or electrode connected by a wire 0 with aground-plate G and having its other pole or electrode connected by awire 0 with one of the coils of the transformer K From the otherextremity of the coil of this transformer a wire 0 extends to oneextremity of the high-potential coil of a transformer K. From the otherextremity of this coil a Wire C extends to a ground-plate G Theextremities of the low-potential coil of the transformer K are connectedwith the adjacent ends of the rails comprised in the track-section cf,the other ends of these rails being connected with the extremities ofthe coils of the magnet I. S designates a cautionary signal arrangedadjacent to the track-section a at some distance from the track-sectiona It is pivoted between its ends to a pin and combined with a Weight toas well as with amagnet s. S designates a danger-signal pivoted betweenits ends to a pin t and combined with a magnet s and a weight M. As thisfigure illustrates a single-track railroad requiring signals for trainsrunning in both directions, I employ signals S S on the opposite side ofthe track from the signals S S v The signal S- is fulcrumed to a pin iand combined/with a magnet s and a weight a The signal S is fulcrumed ona pin 25 and combined with a magnet s and a Weight u. From one end ofthat coil of the transformer K which is not connected with the wires C Ca wire 0 extends to one end of the coil of the magnet s. .From the otherend of the coil of this magnet a wire 0 leads to a circuitchanger H,which is combined with the magnet I and with the spring J and acontactpiece 2". From the contact-piece t" a Wire 0 extends to one endof the coil of the magnet 3 A wire 0 extends from the other end of thecoil of this magnet to one end of the coil of the magnet 8 From theother end of the latter a wire 0 extends to one end of the coil of themagnet The other end of the coil of this magnet is connected by a wire 0with the same coil of the transformer K as that from which the wire Cextends. In this example of my improvement there is a main circuit andan independent circuit supplying electricity derived from thefirst-mentioned circuit to the signal through the medium of transformerK From a main circuit electricity is also supplied to an independenttrack-circuit through medium of transformer K. Of course there may beany number of such track-circuits. An independent dynamo or batteriesmay obviously be employed for supplying the track-circuits. In thisexample, as in my former examples, if a direct current dynamo be used. adirect-current transformer or motor-dynamo would be preferable. In othercases the ordinary alternating transformer will suffice.

In Fig. 3 I have shown a modification of my invention, in which I haveconnected my transformers with my dynamo B in multiple are. The otherconnections are very similar to those in Fig. 2, except that I have inthe present figure shown the system as applying to a double-trackrailroad. Referring to the drawings, B represents a dynamo of anyordinary or suitable construction, from which extend wires to supplyelectricity to the various sections of the system, here represented aswires C and C. These wires may extend the length of the system, andwherever necessary power is supplied to local transformers, hererepresented as K K K K which are connected to the main supply-wires Cand (l by wires O and C 0 and 0 C and 0 C and 0 respectively.

I may remark here that the transformers K' and K are intended to supplypower to operate the signals protecting the track-circuits of thetrack-sections a a respectively, which form with the track-section a"the railway-track A, on which trains are indicated to traverse in thedirection indicated by the arrow V. K and K are transformers intended tosupply power to the rails of the track-sections a and (0 respectively.These transformers as well as the dynamo B may be of any of the ordinarytypes; but if a direct-current dynamo be used it would be preferable touse a dynamotor (sometimes called a motor-dynamo) or direct-currenttransformer. In other cases the alternating transformer or any otherkind may be used. The wires C" (J C C and the coils of the cautionarysignal S and the danger-signal S together with the contact-piece i ofthe circuit-changer H and that coil of the transformer K which is notconnected by the wires (3 O with the wires 0 0 form a local circuitcontrolling the signals protecting the track-section a The signals S andS may be similar to the other signals heretofore described and thecircuit-changer II with its contact-piece may also be similar to othersdescribed heretofore. The wires O C C and O and the coils of thecautionary signal S and the danger-signal S together with thecontact-piece i of the cireuit-changer H and that coil of thetransformer K which is not connected by the wires G and C to the wires Cand C form alocal circuit controlling the signals protecting thetrack-section a". The high-potential coil of the transformer K isconnected by wires 0 and O to the wires C C, and the low-potential coilof this transformer is connected by wires 0 C with the rails of thetracksection a the opposite ends of the rails of this section beingconnected with the coil of the circuit-changer H The high-potential coilof the transformer K is connected by wires 0 (P to the wires 0 C and thelow-potential coil of this transformer is connected by wires C C withthe rails of the track-section a the opposite ends of the rails of thissection being connected with the coil of the circuit-changer II". Thesignals S and S may be similar to the other signals heretofore described and the circuit-changer II with its contact-piece i may also besimilar to others described heretofore. The cautionary signal S isintended to be located in proximity to the track-sections a at someconsiderable distance from the meeting ends of the traeksections a (LThe danger-signal S and the cautionary signal S are intended to belocated in proximity to the meeting ends of the track-sections a (L2.The danger-signal S is intended to be located in proximity to themeeting ends of the track-sections a a". In this example of myimprovement it will be seen that all my transformers are connected tothe main supply-wires O and C in mul' tiple are.

Fig. 4 is similar to Fig. 3, with the exception that traek-batteries L Lare used in place of the transformers K and K respectively, forsupplying the track-circuits a a, respectively.

In Fig. 5 I have illustrated my invention as applied to a single-trackrailroad having two sets of signaling devices for trains running inreverse directions. In this figure A designatesa track composed oftrack-sections a a a a a 13 designates a dynamo c011- neeted through oneof its poles or electrodes to the ground by a wire 0 represented asextending to the ground-plate G The other pole or electrode of thedynamo has a wire 0 connected to it. From the wire 0 a wire C extends toa resistance device E, and a wire 0 extends from the wire C to one endof the coil of the electromagnet s belonging to a cautionary signal S.This signal is fulerumed between its ends upon a pin 25 and has combinedwith it a weight 10 Preferably the magnet s will be of the solenoid typeor one aifording a long range of movement. It is intended that themagnet shall normally hold the signal in the position indicative ofsafety, and that whenever the magnet is de energized the weight willadjust the signal to indicate danger. All the signals in my system mayoperate in this manner. From the other end of the coil of theelectromagnet s a wire C extends to a circuit-changer I1 represented asconsisting of a pivoted lever, the wire C extending to the pivot of thelever. The circuit-changer lever H coacts with a contact-piece 2' fromwhich a wire 0 extends to one end of the coil of an electromagnet sbelonging to a danger-signal S The circuit changer H has combined withit a spring J 3 for moving it away from the contact-piece and a magnet Ifor moving it to the said eontact-piece. The ends of the coil of themagnet I are connected with the adjacent ends of the rails comprised inthe track-section (L The signal S is fulerumed to a pin i and combinedwith a weight a From the resistance device E a wire 0 extends. In thisexample of my improvement the wire 0 connects directly with thetransformer K and also communicates directly with a wire leading to oneend of the coil of the electromagnets belongingto the cautionary signalS. The other end of the coil of the electromagnets is connected bya wire0 with a circnit-chan gerH. The signal S is fulcrumed between its endsto a pin and combined with a weight 169. From the transformer K a wire Cextends. This transformer is connected with the adjacent ends of therails comprised in the tracksections (L The low-potential coils of thetransformer will be connected with these rails and the high-potentialcoil with the wires C C From the other end of the coil of the magnet sbelonging to the danger-signal S a wire C extends to one end of a coilof a magnet s" belonging to a danger-signal S", arranged on the oppositeside of the track A. This signal is fulcrumed between its ends to a pinand combined with a weight it From the other end of the coil of theelectromagnet s belonging to the danger-signal S a wire C extends to oneend of the coil of an electromagnet s belonging to a signal S The signalS is fulcrumed between its ends to a pin i and combined with a weight oFrom the other end of the coil of the magnet 3 a wire 0 extends to awireC The Wire 0 extends to one end of the high-potential coil of atransformer K the ends of whose low-potential coil are connected withthe adj acent ends of the rails comprised in the track a The other endsof the rails are connected by wires with the ends of the coil of anelectromagnet 1 which is combined with the circuit-changer H. A spring J4 is also combined with this circnitchanger. This circuitchanger coactswith a contact-piece From the contact-piece i awire C extends to one endof the coil of a magnet s belonging to a danger-signal S The signal S isfulerumed to a pin i and combined with a weight 11 From the other end ofthe coil of the magnet s a wire 0 extends to one end of the coil of anelectromagnet 5 belonging to a danger-signal S. From the'wire G a wire 0extends to one end of the coil of an electromagnet s belonging to acautionary signal S. This signal S is fulcrumed upon a pin 25 andcombined with a weight it. A wire 0 extends from the other end of thecoil of the magnet s to a circuitchanger II", which coacts with acontact-piece i and has combined with it a spring J 5 and a magnet 1This magnet I has the ends of its coil connected with the railscomprised in the track-section a the other ends of these rails beingconnected with the ends of the lowpotential coil of the transformer KFrom the hi gh-potential coils of the transformer K a wire 0 extends toone extremity of the high-potential coil of the transformer K". Theother end of the high-potential coil of the latter transformer is shownas connected to a wire C, which is represented as extending to aground-plate G. From the other end of the coil of the electromagnet sbelonging to the signal S a wire 0 extends to and connects with one ofthe ends of the coil of an electromagnet s belonging to a cautionarysignal S. This signal is fnlcrumed between its ends to a pin if andcombined with a weight it. From the other end of the coil of the magnets a wire (J extends to the wire 0 From the contact-piece 2' a wire 0"extends to one end of the coil of an electromagnet s belonging to adanger-signal 6*", which is fulorumed between its ends to a pin 75 andcombined with a weight U15 From the other end of the coil of theelectromagnet S a wire C extends to one end of the coil of anelectromagnet s belonging to a danger-signal-S which is fulcrumedbetween its ends to a pin and combined with a weight 10 From the otherend of the coil of the electromagnet of the signal S a wire 0' extendsto one end of the coil of an electromagnet s belonging to a cautionarysignal S, which between its ends is fulcrumed to apin t" and hascombined with it a weight it". From the other end of the coil of themagnet s a wire 0 extends to the wire 0 To facilitate an understandingof the different branch circuits comprised in the main circuit, I havedelineated certain wires differently. It will be observed that thesignals S S S S S S are on one side of the track and that the signals SS S S S and S are on the other side of the track. These two series ofsignals are intended for trains running in opposite directions. Thesignals S, S S S S and S are intended for trains running in thedirection indicated by the arrow 7', and the signals 8, S S S S and Sfor trains running in the direction indicated by the arrow W The signalS is intended to be located adjacent to the track-section a at someconsiderable distance from the meeting ends of the tracksections a a Thesignals S S are intended to be located adjacent to the meeting ends ofthese track-sections a 61- The signals S S are intended to be locatedadjacent to the meeting ends of the track-sections a a The signal S isintended to be located adjacent to the meeting ends of thetrack-sections a" or. The signal S" is intended to be arranged adjacentto the track-section a at a considerable distance from the track-section(1 The signals S S are intended to be located adjacent to the meetingends of the tracksections a a and the signals S S are intended to belocated adjacent to the ends of the track-sections a a The signal S isintended to be located adjacent to the meeting ends of thetrack-sections a a It will be seen that in this example of myimprovement, aswell as in the one previously described, all the signalsare supplied from a common source and in this example are in a singlemain circuit.

It will also be observed that in this example of my improvement I haverepresented practically independent track-circuits.

I do not wish to be confined to the use of transformers K K. As alreadyillustrated in connection with a former example of my improvement, thetrack-circuits may be supplied with electricity from batteries, or, ifso desired, from an independent dynamo-electric machine giving a circuitof low potential. Normally the electromagnets I I I will be in thetrack-circuit, and consequently energized. This is represented inconnection with the magnets I l belonging to the track-sections a a.

T is an arbitraryrepresentation of a train located upon thetrack-section a As represented, this short-circuits out the magnet I,and, by deenergizing such magnet, causes the circuit-changer H tointerrupt the communication between the wires C This has the eifect ofdeenergizing the magnet belonging to the danger-signal S and thatbelonging to the danger-signal S, which are located adjacent to thedifferent ends of the tracksection a. It will also have the effect ofdeenergizing the magnets belonging to the cantionary signals S S,located, respectively, adjacent to the different ends of the track a aManifestly a danger-signal and a cantionary signal are given in front ofthe train, and a danger-signal and a cautionary signal are given at therear of the train, the dangersignal in each case being given at the endof the track-section (L3 and the cautionary signal at the distant end ofthe next adjacent tracksection in each direction. Thus safety will beinsured to trains running in opposite directions or in the samedirection upon a single track.

Turning now to Fig. (3, A A designate two parallel tracks for trainsrunning in the same direction. Each of these tracks comprises a numberof electrically independent tracksections a a a a 13 is adynamo-electric machine having one of its poles or electrodes connectedby a wire 0 with a ground-plate G and its other pole or electrodeconnected with a wire 0 leading to a resistance device E From theresistance device 1 1 a wire 0 extends to one extremity of thehigh-potential coil of a transformer K the ends of whose low-potentialcoils connect with the adjacent ends of the rails comprised in thetraclesection a of the track A. From the other end of the high-potentialcoil of this transformer a wire C extends to one extremity of thehigh-potential coil of a transformer K the ends of whose low-potentialcoils are connected with the adjacent ends of the rails comprised in thetrack-section a of the track A From the other extremity of thehighpotential coil of the transformer K a wire C extends to oneextremity of the high-potential coil of a transformer K, the ends ofwhose low-potential coil are connected with the adjacent ends of therails comprised in the track-section a of the track A. From the otherextremity of the high-potential coil of the transformer K a wire 0extends to one extremity of a high-potential coil of a transformer K,the ends of whose low-p0 tential coil are connected with the adjacentends of the rails comprised in the track-section a of the track A Fromthe other extremity of the high-potential coil of the transformer K awire C extends to a groundplate G.

The track-section a of the track A has those ends of its rails which aremore distant from the transformer K connected with the ends of the coilof an electromagnet I, which is combined with a circuit-changer II. Thetrack'section a of the track A has these ends of its rails which are themore distant from the transformer K connected with the ends of the coilof an electromagnet 1 which is combined with the circuit-changer 11 Thetrack-section a of the track A has these ends of its rails which are themore distant from the transformer K connected to the ends of the coil ofan electromagnet 1 which is combined with a circuit-changer 11 Thetracksection a of the track A has these ends of its rails which are themore distant from the transformer K connected with the ends of the coilof an electromagnet I, which is combined with a circuit-changer II. Thecircuitchanger II has combined with it a spring J and eoacts with acontact-piece i. The circuit-changer H is combined with a spring 7 andeoacts with a contact-piece i". The circuit-changer II is combined witha spring J and eoacts with a contact-piece i The circuit-changer H iscombined with a spring.] and eoacts with a contact-piece 2' S is acautionary signal arranged adjacent to the section a of the track A at aconsiderable distance from the section a thereof. It is fulcrumedbetween its ends upon a pin Z and combined with a magnet and a weight a.

S is a danger-signal, and S is a cautionary signal. These two signalsare arranged close to the meeting ends of the track-sections at a of thetrack A. The signal S" is fulcrumed to a pin 6 and combined with amagnet .9 and a weight a and the signal S is fulcrumed to a pin andcombined with a magnet s and a weight a.

S is a danger-signal arranged adjacent to the meeting ends of thetrack-sections a a" of the track A. It is fulcrumed between its ends toa pin Z and combined with a magnet s and a weight n A cautionary signalS is arranged adjacent in the track-section a of the track A at somedistance from the track-section (b of this track. It is fulcrumed to apin Z and combined with a magnet s and a weight n S is a danger-signal,and S is a cautionary signal. These signals are arranged adjacent to themeeting ends of the track-sections a a of the track A The signal S isfulcrumed on a pin 25 and combined with a magnet s and a weight 10 Thesignal S is f ulcrumed upon a pin F and combined with a magnet s and aweight a.

S is a danger-signal arranged adjacent to the meeting ends of thetrack-sections a a of the track A It is fulcrumed on a pin F andcombined with a magnet s and a weight 10 From the wire 0 a wire Cextends to one end of the coil of the magnet s belonging to the signalS. From the other end of the coil of this magnet a wire 0 extends to thecircuit-changer H". A wire 0 extends from the contact-piece 2' to oneend of the coil of the magnet 5 belonging to the signal S The other endof the coil of this magnet is connected by a wire 0 with a wire justbeyond the resistance device E. A wire C extends from the wire C andconnects with one end of the coil of the magnet s belonging to thesignal S. The other end of the coil of this magnet is connected by awire 0 with the circuit-changer H The wire 0 extends from thecontact-piece i to one end of the coil of the magnet s belonging to thesignal S The other end of the coil of this magnet is connected by a wire0 with the wire C A wire 0 extends from the wire 0 and connects with oneend of the coil of the magnet s belonging to the signal S. The other endof the coil of this magnet is connected by a wire C with thecontact-piece i". From the circuit-changer H a wire 0 extends to one endof the coil of the magnet s belonging to a signal S The other end of thecoil of this magnet is connected by a wire 0 with the wire 0 A wire 0extends from the wire 0 and connects with the coil of the magnet sbelonging to the signal S The other end of the coil of this magnet isconnected by a wire (7 with the contact-piece i From the circuit-changerH a wire 0 extends to one end of the coil of the magnet s belonging tothe signal S From the other end of the coil of this magnet a wire 0extends and connects with the wire 0 Normally the signals will be heldin the safety position by the electric current. \Vhen a train, car, orlocomotive passes over any track-section, it short-circuits out themagnet belonging to that track-section and causes the signals which arecontrolled by said magnet to indicate danger. Arbitrary representations'1 T of trains are located on the track-sections a of the tracks A A andas a consequence the circuit-changers H H are shown as removed fromtheir contact-pieces 2' i circuit-changers into the position in whichthey are represented causes the cautionary signal S and thedanger-signal S belonging to the track A to be shifted to indicatedanger, and also causes the cautionary signal S and the danger-signal Sbelonging to the track A to indicate danger.

The adjustment of these Although I have shown the signals as connectedin series, they might obviously be connected in multiple arc. Obviouslythe transformers might be dispensed with and batteries substituted, asillustrated in connection with a former-described example of myimprovement. I will also remark that if/ a direct-current dynamo be useda dynamotor or direct-current transformer would be preferable; but inother cases the ordinary alternating-current transformer would suf fioe.

It will be seen that in this last-described example of my improvementall the signals are supplied with electricity from a common sourcethrough a main circuit including them, and that practically independenttrackcircuits are employed.

In Fig. 7, A designates a track comprising track-sections a a a a A isanother track crossing the former at right angles and comprisingtrack-sections a a a a Between the opposite extremities of the sectionsa a of the two tracks A and aa of the track A a frog A is arranged. Thisfrog is not electrically connected with any of the other parts of thesystem. B designates a dynamo hav- I ing one pole or electrode connectedby a wire 0 with a ground-plate G and its other pole or electrodeconnected with a wire 0 which extends to the extremity of thehigh-potential coil of a transformer K, the other end of said coil beingconnected with a wire C leading to one extremity of the high-potentialcoil of a transformer K whose other end is connected by a wire 0 withthe ground-plate G The track-section a of the track A and thetrack-section a of the track A are electrically connected by wires ortheir equivalents. This is true of the track-section a of the track Aand the track-section a of the track A The extremities of thelow-potential coil of the transformer K are connected with the adjacentends of the rails of the track-section a of the track A. section a ofthe track A which are distant from the track-section a of the track Aare connected with a magnet I, which has combined with it acircuit-changer H, a contactpiece i, and a spring J. The extremities ofthe low-potential coil of the transformer K are connected with theadjacent ends of the rails comprised in the track-section a of the trackA, the opposite ends of the rails of this section being connected withthe rails of the'diagonal adjoining track-section a of the track A Theends of the track-section a of the track A which are distant from thetracksection a of the track A are connected with one end of the coil ofthe magnet 1 having combined with it a circuit-changer 11*, acontact-piece i and a spring J From the wire O a wire O extends to oneend of the coil of the magnet s belonging to a cautionary signal S whichis pivoted to a pin 25 and combined with a weight 10 This signal is ar-The ends of the track- .to a pin and combined with a weight it.

This signal is intended to be located adjacent to the meeting ends ofthe rails comprised in the track-sections a a of the track A. Thesignals S S are intended for trains traveling the track A in thedirection indicated by the arrow V. From the other end of the coil ofthe magnet 82S a wire G extends to the circuit-changer II. From thecontactpiece a" a wire G extends to one end of the coil of the magnet sbelonging to a cautionary signal S arranged adjacent to the sec tion aof the track A. at some distance from the track-section a of the latter.The signal S is fulcrumed between its ends to a pin 1/ and combined witha weight 10 From the other end of the coil of the magnet 3 a wire Cextends to one end of the coil of a magnet s belonging to adanger-signal S which latter is arranged adjacent to the meeting ends ofthe traclcsections a a of the track A". The signal S is pivoted to a pint and combined with a weight 24 The signals S- S are intended for trainsmoving in the direction of the arrow V along the track A".

From the magnet s a wire 0 extends to the circuit-changer H From thecontactpiece 11 belonging to the circuit-changer I-I a wire C extends toone end of the coil of a magnet s belonging to a danger-signal S Thissignal is pivoted to a pin 25 and combined with a weight 11. From theother end of the coil of the magnet 3 a wire 0 extends to one end of thecoil of a magnet s belonging to a cautionary signal S This signal S ispivoted to a pin 15 and combined with a weight id. The signals S S areintended for trains running along the track A in the direction of thearrow From the other end of the coil of the magnet s a wire 0 extends toone end of the coil of a magnet s belonging to a danger-signal S Thissignal is pivoted to a pin and combined with a weight 10 From the otherend of the coil of the magnet 3 a wire C extends to one end of the coilof a magnet s belonging to a cautionary signal S This signal is pivotedto a pin and combined with a weight n From the other end of the coil ofthe magnet s a wire G extends to the wire O Preferably the branch of themain circuit containing the magnets of the various signals will besubstantially of the same resistance as the other branch, the otherbranch containing the high-potential coils of the transformers K K Thesignals S S are intended for trains traveling 011 the track A in thedirection of the arrow XV. Obviously, in this example of my invention,the branch of the main circuit comprising the signals might be suppliedwith current through a transformer, as illustrated in Fig.

7, and the track-sections by batteries. Obviously all the sections oftracks 011 opposite sides of the frog A will be thoroughly protected bythe system of signals illustrated in the last-described example of myimprovement regardless of the direction in which trains may be runningon either of the tracks.

In using the term step-down transformei I refer to that type oftransformer in which a reduction in the voltage of the secondary circuitis effected relatively to that of the primaryor dynamo circuit. Theamount of current, or, in other words, the number of amperes in thesecondary circuit, may be regulated to any desired quantity.

hat I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is

1. In electrical signaling apparatus for railways, the combination of adynamo driven by power, a series of elcctrically-operated andelectrically-controlled semaphore-signals, a series of transformers, oneat each block for transforming the current derived from the dynamo toone of low potential, a low-potential circuit formed of the secondarywinding of the transformer, the track-rail, and either the wheels andaxles of the train or the re lay at block, and electrical connections,substantially as shown and described.

2. In a block'signal, the combination of the primary circuit thetransformer and secondary circuit, the track-circuit taking the cur rentfrom the secondary circuit of the transformer at one signal, the relayplaced in the track-circuit at the preceding signal, thesignal-operating motor controlled by the relay, and the signal operatedby the motor, substantially as specified.

3. In a railway signal system, the combination of a dynamo, adistribution system extending therefrom, transformers having the primarycircuits connected to the distribution system, the secondary circuitsbeing connected to the tracks of the block, and trackcircuit relaysarranged to control the signals of the system.

4. In a railway signal system comprisinga number of blocks or sections,the combination of a dynamo, a distribution system extending therefrom,transformers having their primary coils connected to the distributionsystem, the secondary coils being connected to the circuits containingthe signals, and devices along the blocks or sections for controllingthe signal-circuits, substantially as specified.

5. In a railway signal system comprising a number of blocks or sections,the combination of a dynamo, circuit-wires extending therefrom,transformers for the blocks orsections, having their primary circuitsconnected to the dynamo circuit-wires, signals for the said blocks orsections arranged in the secondary circuits of the transformers, trackcircuits comprising the rails of the blocks or sections, andtrack-circuit relays, arranged to disconnect or control the secondarycir- IOC cuits of the transformers for operating the signals,substantially as specified.

6. In a railway signal system comprising a number of blocks or sections,the combination of a dynamo, circuit-wires extending therefrom,transformers for the blocks or sections, ha Vin g their primary circuitsconnected to the dynamo circuit-wires in multiple, signals for the saidblocks or sections arranged in the secondary circuits of thetransformers, track-circuits comprising the rails of the blocks orsections, and track-circuit relays, arranged to disconnect or controlthesecondary circuits of the transformers for operating the signals,substantially as specified.

7. In a railway signal system comprising a number of blocks or sections,the combination of a dynamo, circuit-wires extending therefrom, two setsof transformers for the blocks or sections, having their primarycircuits connected to the dynamo circuit-wires, signals for the saidblocks or sections, arranged in the secondary circuits of one of the twosets of transformers, track-circuits connected with the secondarycircuits of the other set of transformers, and track-circuit relaysarranged to disconnect or control the secondary transformer-circuitscontaining the signals, substantially as specified.

8. In a railway signal system comprising a number of blocks or sections,the combination of a dynamo, circuit-wires extending therefrom, two setsof transformers for the blocks or sections, having their primarycircuits connected to the dynamo circuit-wires in multiple, signals forthe said blocks or sections, arranged in the secondary circuitsof one ofthe two sets of transformers, track-circuits connected with thesecondary circuits of the other set of transformers, and trackcircuitrelays arranged to disconnect or control the secondarytransformer-circuits containing the signals, substantially as specified.

9. In a railway signal system'comprising a number of blocks or sections,the combina tion of a dynamo, high-tension circuit-wires extendingtherefrom, step-down transformers having their primary coils connectedto the high-tension circuit-wires, signal-circuits for the blocks orsections connected to the secondary coils of the transformers,track-circuits comprising the rails of the blocks or sections andreceiving a current of low tension from the secondary coils of thetransformers and relays in the track-circuits for disconnecting orcontrolling the secondary circuits containing the signals, substantiallyas specified.

10. In a railway signal system comprising a number of blocks orsections, the combination of a dynamo, a distribution system extendingtherefrom, transformers having their primary coils connected to thedistribution system, the secondary coils being connected to the rails ofthe blocks or sections, and track-circuit relays arranged to disconnector control the signals of the system, substantially as specified.

In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification in thepresence of two subscribing witnesses.

IVILLIAM G. ROOME.

Witnesses:

ANTHONY GREF, WILLIAM M. ILIFF.

